diff --git a/packages/babel-core/src/config/config-chain.js b/packages/babel-core/src/config/config-chain.js
index 7a62958d32..60e062d3f8 100644
--- a/packages/babel-core/src/config/config-chain.js
+++ b/packages/babel-core/src/config/config-chain.js
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   validate,
   type ValidatedOptions,
   type IgnoreList,
+  type ConfigApplicableTest,
 } from "./validation/options";
 
 const debug = buildDebug("babel:config:config-chain");
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ export type PresetInstance = {
   dirname: string,
 };
 
-type ConfigContext = {
+export type ConfigContext = {
   filename: string | null,
   cwd: string,
   envName: string,
@@ -54,16 +55,53 @@ type ConfigContextNamed = {
 /**
  * Build a config chain for a given preset.
  */
-export const buildPresetChain = makeWeakCache(
-  ({ dirname, options, alias }: PresetInstance): ConfigChain => {
-    const result = createUncachedDescriptors(dirname, options, alias);
-    const { plugins, presets } = result;
-    return {
-      plugins: plugins(),
-      presets: presets(),
-      options: [normalizeOptions(result.options)],
-    };
-  },
+export const buildPresetChain: (
+  arg: PresetInstance,
+  context: *,
+) => * = makeChainWalker({
+  init: arg => arg,
+  root: preset => loadPresetDescriptors(preset),
+  env: (preset, envName) => loadPresetEnvDescriptors(preset)(envName),
+  overrides: (preset, index) => loadPresetOverridesDescriptors(preset)(index),
+  overridesEnv: (preset, index, envName) =>
+    loadPresetOverridesEnvDescriptors(preset)(index)(envName),
+});
+const loadPresetDescriptors = makeWeakCache((preset: PresetInstance) =>
+  buildRootDescriptors(preset, preset.alias, createUncachedDescriptors),
+);
+const loadPresetEnvDescriptors = makeWeakCache((preset: PresetInstance) =>
+  makeStrongCache((envName: string) =>
+    buildEnvDescriptors(
+      preset,
+      preset.alias,
+      createUncachedDescriptors,
+      envName,
+    ),
+  ),
+);
+const loadPresetOverridesDescriptors = makeWeakCache((preset: PresetInstance) =>
+  makeStrongCache((index: number) =>
+    buildOverrideDescriptors(
+      preset,
+      preset.alias,
+      createUncachedDescriptors,
+      index,
+    ),
+  ),
+);
+const loadPresetOverridesEnvDescriptors = makeWeakCache(
+  (preset: PresetInstance) =>
+    makeStrongCache((index: number) =>
+      makeStrongCache((envName: string) =>
+        buildOverrideEnvDescriptors(
+          preset,
+          preset.alias,
+          createUncachedDescriptors,
+          index,
+          envName,
+        ),
+      ),
+    ),
 );
 
 /**
@@ -72,14 +110,8 @@ export const buildPresetChain = makeWeakCache(
 export function buildRootChain(
   cwd: string,
   opts: ValidatedOptions,
-  envName: string,
+  context: ConfigContext,
 ): ConfigChain | null {
-  const context = {
-    filename: opts.filename ? path.resolve(cwd, opts.filename) : null,
-    cwd,
-    envName,
-  };
-
   const programmaticChain = loadProgrammaticChain(
     {
       options: opts,
@@ -137,6 +169,16 @@ const loadProgrammaticChain = makeChainWalker({
   root: input => buildRootDescriptors(input, "base", createCachedDescriptors),
   env: (input, envName) =>
     buildEnvDescriptors(input, "base", createCachedDescriptors, envName),
+  overrides: (input, index) =>
+    buildOverrideDescriptors(input, "base", createCachedDescriptors, index),
+  overridesEnv: (input, index, envName) =>
+    buildOverrideEnvDescriptors(
+      input,
+      "base",
+      createCachedDescriptors,
+      index,
+      envName,
+    ),
 });
 
 /**
@@ -146,6 +188,9 @@ const loadFileChain = makeChainWalker({
   init: input => validateFile(input),
   root: file => loadFileDescriptors(file),
   env: (file, envName) => loadFileEnvDescriptors(file)(envName),
+  overrides: (file, index) => loadFileOverridesDescriptors(file)(index),
+  overridesEnv: (file, index, envName) =>
+    loadFileOverridesEnvDescriptors(file)(index)(envName),
 });
 const validateFile = makeWeakCache((file: ConfigFile): ValidatedFile => ({
   filepath: file.filepath,
@@ -165,6 +210,29 @@ const loadFileEnvDescriptors = makeWeakCache((file: ValidatedFile) =>
     ),
   ),
 );
+const loadFileOverridesDescriptors = makeWeakCache((file: ValidatedFile) =>
+  makeStrongCache((index: number) =>
+    buildOverrideDescriptors(
+      file,
+      file.filepath,
+      createUncachedDescriptors,
+      index,
+    ),
+  ),
+);
+const loadFileOverridesEnvDescriptors = makeWeakCache((file: ValidatedFile) =>
+  makeStrongCache((index: number) =>
+    makeStrongCache((envName: string) =>
+      buildOverrideEnvDescriptors(
+        file,
+        file.filepath,
+        createUncachedDescriptors,
+        index,
+        envName,
+      ),
+    ),
+  ),
+);
 
 function buildRootDescriptors({ dirname, options }, alias, descriptors) {
   return descriptors(dirname, options, alias);
@@ -180,6 +248,38 @@ function buildEnvDescriptors(
   return opts ? descriptors(dirname, opts, `${alias}.env["${envName}"]`) : null;
 }
 
+function buildOverrideDescriptors(
+  { dirname, options },
+  alias,
+  descriptors,
+  index,
+) {
+  const opts = options.overrides && options.overrides[index];
+  if (!opts) throw new Error("Assertion failure - missing override");
+
+  return descriptors(dirname, opts, `${alias}.overrides[${index}]`);
+}
+
+function buildOverrideEnvDescriptors(
+  { dirname, options },
+  alias,
+  descriptors,
+  index,
+  envName,
+) {
+  const override = options.overrides && options.overrides[index];
+  if (!override) throw new Error("Assertion failure - missing override");
+
+  const opts = override.env && override.env[envName];
+  return opts
+    ? descriptors(
+        dirname,
+        opts,
+        `${alias}.overrides[${index}].env["${envName}"]`,
+      )
+    : null;
+}
+
 function makeChainWalker<
   ArgT,
   InnerT: { options: ValidatedOptions, dirname: string },
@@ -187,10 +287,14 @@ function makeChainWalker<
   init,
   root,
   env,
+  overrides,
+  overridesEnv,
 }: {
   init: ArgT => InnerT,
   root: InnerT => OptionsAndDescriptors,
   env: (InnerT, string) => OptionsAndDescriptors | null,
+  overrides: (InnerT, number) => OptionsAndDescriptors,
+  overridesEnv: (InnerT, number, string) => OptionsAndDescriptors | null,
 }): (ArgT, ConfigContext, Set<ConfigFile> | void) => ConfigChain | null {
   return (arg, context, files = new Set()) => {
     const input = init(arg);
@@ -200,11 +304,28 @@ function makeChainWalker<
     const flattenedConfigs = [];
 
     const rootOpts = root(input);
-    flattenedConfigs.push(rootOpts);
+    if (configIsApplicable(rootOpts, dirname, context)) {
+      flattenedConfigs.push(rootOpts);
 
-    const envOpts = env(input, context.envName);
-    if (envOpts) {
-      flattenedConfigs.push(envOpts);
+      const envOpts = env(input, context.envName);
+      if (envOpts && configIsApplicable(envOpts, dirname, context)) {
+        flattenedConfigs.push(envOpts);
+      }
+
+      (rootOpts.options.overrides || []).forEach((_, index) => {
+        const overrideOps = overrides(input, index);
+        if (configIsApplicable(overrideOps, dirname, context)) {
+          flattenedConfigs.push(overrideOps);
+
+          const overrideEnvOpts = overridesEnv(input, index, context.envName);
+          if (
+            overrideEnvOpts &&
+            configIsApplicable(overrideEnvOpts, dirname, context)
+          ) {
+            flattenedConfigs.push(overrideEnvOpts);
+          }
+        }
+      });
     }
 
     // Process 'ignore' and 'only' before 'extends' items are processed so
@@ -351,6 +472,42 @@ function dedupDescriptors(
   }, []);
 }
 
+function configIsApplicable(
+  { options }: OptionsAndDescriptors,
+  dirname: string,
+  context: ConfigContext,
+): boolean {
+  return (
+    (options.test === undefined ||
+      configFieldIsApplicable(context, options.test, dirname)) &&
+    (options.include === undefined ||
+      configFieldIsApplicable(context, options.include, dirname)) &&
+    (options.exclude === undefined ||
+      !configFieldIsApplicable(context, options.exclude, dirname))
+  );
+}
+
+function configFieldIsApplicable(
+  context: ConfigContext,
+  test: ConfigApplicableTest,
+  dirname: string,
+): boolean {
+  if (context.filename === null) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Configuration contains explicit test/include/exclude checks, but no filename was passed to Babel`,
+    );
+  }
+  // $FlowIgnore - Flow refinements aren't quite smart enough for this :(
+  const ctx: ConfigContextNamed = context;
+
+  const patterns = Array.isArray(test) ? test : [test];
+
+  // Disabling negation here because it's a bit buggy from
+  // https://github.com/babel/babel/issues/6907 and it's not clear that it is
+  // needed since users can use 'exclude' alongside 'test'/'include'.
+  return matchesPatterns(ctx, patterns, dirname, false /* allowNegation */);
+}
+
 /**
  * Tests if a filename should be ignored based on "ignore" and "only" options.
  */
@@ -360,11 +517,14 @@ function shouldIgnore(
   only: ?IgnoreList,
   dirname: string,
 ): boolean {
-  if (context.filename === null) return false;
-  // $FlowIgnore - Flow refinements aren't quite smart enough for this :(
-  const ctx: ConfigContextNamed = context;
-
   if (ignore) {
+    if (context.filename === null) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Configuration contains ignore checks, but no filename was passed to Babel`,
+      );
+    }
+    // $FlowIgnore - Flow refinements aren't quite smart enough for this :(
+    const ctx: ConfigContextNamed = context;
     if (matchesPatterns(ctx, ignore, dirname)) {
       debug(
         "Ignored %o because it matched one of %O from %o",
@@ -377,6 +537,14 @@ function shouldIgnore(
   }
 
   if (only) {
+    if (context.filename === null) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Configuration contains ignore checks, but no filename was passed to Babel`,
+      );
+    }
+    // $FlowIgnore - Flow refinements aren't quite smart enough for this :(
+    const ctx: ConfigContextNamed = context;
+
     if (!matchesPatterns(ctx, only, dirname)) {
       debug(
         "Ignored %o because it failed to match one of %O from %o",
@@ -399,6 +567,7 @@ function matchesPatterns(
   context: ConfigContextNamed,
   patterns: IgnoreList,
   dirname: string,
+  allowNegation?: boolean = true,
 ): boolean {
   const res = [];
   const strings = [];
@@ -420,13 +589,19 @@ function matchesPatterns(
     const absolutePatterns = strings.map(pattern => {
       // Preserve the "!" prefix so that micromatch can use it for negation.
       const negate = pattern[0] === "!";
+      if (negate && !allowNegation) {
+        throw new Error(`Negation of file paths is not supported.`);
+      }
       if (negate) pattern = pattern.slice(1);
 
       return (negate ? "!" : "") + path.resolve(dirname, pattern);
     });
 
     if (
-      micromatch(possibleDirs, absolutePatterns, { nocase: true }).length > 0
+      micromatch(possibleDirs, absolutePatterns, {
+        nocase: true,
+        nonegate: !allowNegation,
+      }).length > 0
     ) {
       return true;
     }
diff --git a/packages/babel-core/src/config/index.js b/packages/babel-core/src/config/index.js
index 33ab644a8b..6a770e5aca 100644
--- a/packages/babel-core/src/config/index.js
+++ b/packages/babel-core/src/config/index.js
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import merge from "lodash/merge";
 import {
   buildRootChain,
   buildPresetChain,
+  type ConfigContext,
   type ConfigChain,
   type PresetInstance,
 } from "./config-chain";
@@ -36,6 +37,12 @@ export type { Plugin };
 export type PluginPassList = Array<Plugin>;
 export type PluginPasses = Array<PluginPassList>;
 
+// Context not including filename since it is used in places that cannot
+// process 'ignore'/'only' and other filename-based logic.
+type SimpleContext = {
+  envName: string,
+};
+
 export default function loadConfig(inputOpts: mixed): ResolvedConfig | null {
   if (
     inputOpts != null &&
@@ -49,27 +56,32 @@ export default function loadConfig(inputOpts: mixed): ResolvedConfig | null {
   const { envName = getEnv(), cwd = "." } = args;
   const absoluteCwd = path.resolve(cwd);
 
-  const configChain = buildRootChain(absoluteCwd, args, envName);
+  const context: ConfigContext = {
+    filename: args.filename ? path.resolve(cwd, args.filename) : null,
+    cwd: absoluteCwd,
+    envName,
+  };
+
+  const configChain = buildRootChain(absoluteCwd, args, context);
   if (!configChain) return null;
 
   const optionDefaults = {};
   const options = {};
   const passes = [[]];
   try {
-    (function recurseDescriptors(
+    const ignored = (function recurseDescriptors(
       config: {
         plugins: Array<UnloadedDescriptor>,
         presets: Array<UnloadedDescriptor>,
       },
       pass: Array<Plugin>,
-      envName: string,
     ) {
       const plugins = config.plugins.map(descriptor =>
-        loadPluginDescriptor(descriptor, envName),
+        loadPluginDescriptor(descriptor, context),
       );
       const presets = config.presets.map(descriptor => {
         return {
-          preset: loadPresetDescriptor(descriptor, envName),
+          preset: loadPresetDescriptor(descriptor, context),
           pass: descriptor.ownPass ? [] : pass,
         };
       });
@@ -85,14 +97,16 @@ export default function loadConfig(inputOpts: mixed): ResolvedConfig | null {
         );
 
         for (const { preset, pass } of presets) {
-          recurseDescriptors(
+          if (!preset) return true;
+
+          const ignored = recurseDescriptors(
             {
               plugins: preset.plugins,
               presets: preset.presets,
             },
             pass,
-            envName,
           );
+          if (ignored) return true;
 
           preset.options.forEach(opts => {
             merge(optionDefaults, opts);
@@ -110,9 +124,10 @@ export default function loadConfig(inputOpts: mixed): ResolvedConfig | null {
         presets: configChain.presets,
       },
       passes[0],
-      envName,
     );
 
+    if (ignored) return null;
+
     configChain.options.forEach(opts => {
       merge(options, opts);
     });
@@ -152,7 +167,7 @@ export default function loadConfig(inputOpts: mixed): ResolvedConfig | null {
 const loadDescriptor = makeWeakCache(
   (
     { value, options, dirname, alias }: UnloadedDescriptor,
-    cache: CacheConfigurator<{ envName: string }>,
+    cache: CacheConfigurator<SimpleContext>,
   ): LoadedDescriptor => {
     // Disabled presets should already have been filtered out
     if (options === false) throw new Error("Assertion failure");
@@ -199,7 +214,7 @@ const loadDescriptor = makeWeakCache(
  */
 function loadPluginDescriptor(
   descriptor: UnloadedDescriptor,
-  envName: string,
+  context: SimpleContext,
 ): Plugin {
   if (descriptor.value instanceof Plugin) {
     if (descriptor.options) {
@@ -211,15 +226,13 @@ function loadPluginDescriptor(
     return descriptor.value;
   }
 
-  return instantiatePlugin(loadDescriptor(descriptor, { envName }), {
-    envName,
-  });
+  return instantiatePlugin(loadDescriptor(descriptor, context), context);
 }
 
 const instantiatePlugin = makeWeakCache(
   (
     { value, options, dirname, alias }: LoadedDescriptor,
-    cache: CacheConfigurator<{ envName: string }>,
+    cache: CacheConfigurator<SimpleContext>,
   ): Plugin => {
     const pluginObj = validatePluginObject(value);
 
@@ -239,7 +252,7 @@ const instantiatePlugin = makeWeakCache(
 
       // If the inherited plugin changes, reinstantiate this plugin.
       const inherits = cache.invalidate(data =>
-        loadPluginDescriptor(inheritsDescriptor, data.envName),
+        loadPluginDescriptor(inheritsDescriptor, data),
       );
 
       plugin.pre = chain(inherits.pre, plugin.pre);
@@ -263,10 +276,11 @@ const instantiatePlugin = makeWeakCache(
  */
 const loadPresetDescriptor = (
   descriptor: UnloadedDescriptor,
-  envName: string,
-): ConfigChain => {
+  context: ConfigContext,
+): ConfigChain | null => {
   return buildPresetChain(
-    instantiatePreset(loadDescriptor(descriptor, { envName })),
+    instantiatePreset(loadDescriptor(descriptor, context)),
+    context,
   );
 };
 
diff --git a/packages/babel-core/src/config/validation/option-assertions.js b/packages/babel-core/src/config/validation/option-assertions.js
index facdbbf345..c6330e7176 100644
--- a/packages/babel-core/src/config/validation/option-assertions.js
+++ b/packages/babel-core/src/config/validation/option-assertions.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type {
   PluginList,
   PluginItem,
   PluginTarget,
+  ConfigApplicableTest,
   SourceMapsOption,
   SourceTypeOption,
   CompactOption,
@@ -104,6 +105,13 @@ export function assertObject(key: string, value: mixed): {} | void {
   return value;
 }
 
+export function assertArray(key: string, value: mixed): ?$ReadOnlyArray<mixed> {
+  if (value != null && !Array.isArray(value)) {
+    throw new Error(`.${key} must be an array, or undefined`);
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
 export function assertIgnoreList(key: string, value: mixed): IgnoreList | void {
   const arr = assertArray(key, value);
   if (arr) {
@@ -122,12 +130,38 @@ function assertIgnoreItem(
     !(value instanceof RegExp)
   ) {
     throw new Error(
-      `.${key}[${index}] must be an array of string/Funtion/RegExp values, or or undefined`,
+      `.${key}[${index}] must be an array of string/Funtion/RegExp values, or undefined`,
     );
   }
   return value;
 }
 
+export function assertConfigApplicableTest(
+  key: string,
+  value: mixed,
+): ConfigApplicableTest | void {
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    value.forEach((item, i) => {
+      if (!checkValidTest(item)) {
+        throw new Error(`.${key}[${i}] must be a string/Function/RegExp.`);
+      }
+    });
+  } else if (!checkValidTest(value)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `.${key} must be a string/Function/RegExp, or an array of those`,
+    );
+  }
+  return (value: any);
+}
+
+function checkValidTest(value: mixed): boolean {
+  return (
+    typeof value === "string" ||
+    typeof value === "function" ||
+    value instanceof RegExp
+  );
+}
+
 export function assertPluginList(key: string, value: mixed): PluginList | void {
   const arr = assertArray(key, value);
   if (arr) {
@@ -198,10 +232,3 @@ function assertPluginTarget(
   }
   return value;
 }
-
-function assertArray(key: string, value: mixed): ?$ReadOnlyArray<mixed> {
-  if (value != null && !Array.isArray(value)) {
-    throw new Error(`.${key} must be an array, or undefined`);
-  }
-  return value;
-}
diff --git a/packages/babel-core/src/config/validation/options.js b/packages/babel-core/src/config/validation/options.js
index ff5ba9602f..96b51f73ef 100644
--- a/packages/babel-core/src/config/validation/options.js
+++ b/packages/babel-core/src/config/validation/options.js
@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@ import {
   assertString,
   assertBoolean,
   assertObject,
+  assertArray,
   assertInputSourceMap,
   assertIgnoreList,
   assertPluginList,
+  assertConfigApplicableTest,
   assertFunction,
   assertSourceMaps,
   assertCompact,
@@ -44,6 +46,22 @@ const NONPRESET_VALIDATORS: ValidatorSet = {
     $PropertyType<ValidatedOptions, "ignore">,
   >),
   only: (assertIgnoreList: Validator<$PropertyType<ValidatedOptions, "only">>),
+  overrides: (assertOverridesList: Validator<
+    $PropertyType<ValidatedOptions, "overrides">,
+  >),
+
+  // We could limit these to 'overrides' blocks, but it's not clear why we'd
+  // bother, when the ability to limit a config to a specific set of files
+  // is a fairly general useful feature.
+  test: (assertConfigApplicableTest: Validator<
+    $PropertyType<ValidatedOptions, "test">,
+  >),
+  include: (assertConfigApplicableTest: Validator<
+    $PropertyType<ValidatedOptions, "include">,
+  >),
+  exclude: (assertConfigApplicableTest: Validator<
+    $PropertyType<ValidatedOptions, "exclude">,
+  >),
 };
 
 const COMMON_VALIDATORS: ValidatorSet = {
@@ -142,6 +160,12 @@ export type ValidatedOptions = {
   env?: EnvSet<ValidatedOptions>,
   ignore?: IgnoreList,
   only?: IgnoreList,
+  overrides?: OverridesList,
+
+  // Generally verify if a given config object should be applied to the given file.
+  test?: ConfigApplicableTest,
+  include?: ConfigApplicableTest,
+  exclude?: ConfigApplicableTest,
 
   presets?: PluginList,
   plugins?: PluginList,
@@ -196,12 +220,15 @@ export type PluginItem =
   | [PluginTarget, PluginOptions, string];
 export type PluginList = $ReadOnlyArray<PluginItem>;
 
+export type OverridesList = Array<ValidatedOptions>;
+export type ConfigApplicableTest = IgnoreItem | Array<IgnoreItem>;
+
 export type SourceMapsOption = boolean | "inline" | "both";
 export type SourceTypeOption = "module" | "script" | "unambiguous";
 export type CompactOption = boolean | "auto";
 export type RootInputSourceMapOption = {} | boolean;
 
-export type OptionsType = "arguments" | "file" | "env" | "preset";
+export type OptionsType = "arguments" | "file" | "env" | "preset" | "override";
 
 export function validate(type: OptionsType, opts: {}): ValidatedOptions {
   assertNoDuplicateSourcemap(opts);
@@ -216,6 +243,12 @@ export function validate(type: OptionsType, opts: {}): ValidatedOptions {
     if (type === "env" && key === "env") {
       throw new Error(`.${key} is not allowed inside another env block`);
     }
+    if (type === "env" && key === "overrides") {
+      throw new Error(`.${key} is not allowed inside an env block`);
+    }
+    if (type === "override" && key === "overrides") {
+      throw new Error(`.${key} is not allowed inside an overrides block`);
+    }
 
     const validator =
       COMMON_VALIDATORS[key] ||
@@ -266,3 +299,16 @@ function assertEnvSet(key: string, value: mixed): EnvSet<ValidatedOptions> {
   }
   return (obj: any);
 }
+
+function assertOverridesList(key: string, value: mixed): OverridesList {
+  const arr = assertArray(key, value);
+  if (arr) {
+    for (const [index, item] of arr.entries()) {
+      const env = assertObject(`${index}`, item);
+      if (!env) throw new Error(`.${key}[${index}] must be an object`);
+
+      validate("override", env);
+    }
+  }
+  return (arr: any);
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-core/test/config-chain.js b/packages/babel-core/test/config-chain.js
index 651639ac36..f40ae9989b 100644
--- a/packages/babel-core/test/config-chain.js
+++ b/packages/babel-core/test/config-chain.js
@@ -8,6 +8,420 @@ function fixture(...args) {
 }
 
 describe("buildConfigChain", function() {
+  describe("test", () => {
+    describe("single", () => {
+      it("should process matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: fixture("nonexistant-fake"),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-fake")),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-fake")) === 0,
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: fixture("nonexistant-fake-unknown"),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-unknown")),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-unknown")) === 0,
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe("array", () => {
+      it("should process matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: [fixture("nonexistant-fake")],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: [new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-fake"))],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: [p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-fake")) === 0],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: [fixture("nonexistant-fake-unknown")],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: [new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-unknown"))],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          test: [p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-unknown")) === 0],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("include", () => {
+    describe("single", () => {
+      it("should process matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: fixture("nonexistant-fake"),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-fake")),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-fake")) === 0,
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: fixture("nonexistant-fake-unknown"),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-unknown")),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-unknown")) === 0,
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe("array", () => {
+      it("should process matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: [fixture("nonexistant-fake")],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: [new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-fake"))],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: [p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-fake")) === 0],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: [fixture("nonexistant-fake-unknown")],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: [new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-unknown"))],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          include: [p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-unknown")) === 0],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe("exclude", () => {
+    describe("single", () => {
+      it("should process matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: fixture("nonexistant-fake"),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-fake")),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-fake")) === 0,
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: fixture("nonexistant-fake-unknown"),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-unknown")),
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-unknown")) === 0,
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe("array", () => {
+      it("should process matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: [fixture("nonexistant-fake")],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: [new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-fake"))],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: [p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-fake")) === 0],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, undefined);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching string values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: [fixture("nonexistant-fake-unknown")],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching RegExp values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: [new RegExp(fixture("nonexistant-unknown"))],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+
+      it("should process non-matching function values", () => {
+        const opts = loadOptions({
+          filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+          babelrc: false,
+          exclude: [p => p.indexOf(fixture("nonexistant-unknown")) === 0],
+          comments: true,
+        });
+
+        assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
   describe("ignore", () => {
     it("should ignore files that match", () => {
       const opts = loadOptions({
@@ -387,6 +801,40 @@ describe("buildConfigChain", function() {
     });
   });
 
+  describe("overrides merging", () => {
+    it("should apply matching overrides over base configs", () => {
+      const opts = loadOptions({
+        filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+        babelrc: false,
+        comments: true,
+        overrides: [
+          {
+            test: fixture("nonexistant-fake"),
+            comments: false,
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      assert.equal(opts.comments, false);
+    });
+
+    it("should not apply non-matching overrides over base configs", () => {
+      const opts = loadOptions({
+        filename: fixture("nonexistant-fake", "src.js"),
+        babelrc: false,
+        comments: true,
+        overrides: [
+          {
+            test: fixture("nonexistant-unknown"),
+            comments: false,
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      assert.equal(opts.comments, true);
+    });
+  });
+
   describe("config files", () => {
     const getDefaults = () => ({
       babelrc: false,